Any art that develops to a certain stage will always form a genre. After the Chinese bamboo carving art matured in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the genre gradually formed and displayed. The bamboo carving devices of the Chinese folk collections are also lacking in the works of famous genres in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Jiading
Bamboo carvings Since the Ming Dynasty, Zhengde and Jiajing, the art of bamboo carving has developed rapidly. Some outstanding artists have emerged in almost every period. At that time, most of the bamboo carvings were concentrated in the Jiading and Jinling areas of Jiangsu. Some scholars divided these fine and elegant works into genres according to the carving techniques and style characteristics, so the Jiading School appeared. The Jiadingpai production center is mainly located in Jiading, Jiangsu Province (now Jiading County, Shanghai). The main features of the "deep knife carving method, that is, the deep knife, the deep and deep, the five or six layers", the works can display a rich picture. Hierarchical and three-dimensional effects, therefore occupy an extremely important position in the history of Chinese bamboo carving. The earliest founder of Jiading School was Zhu He. In the art of Jiading bamboo carving, Zhu He, Zhu Xi and Zhu Zhizhen were the most famous three generations. They were known as “Jiading Sanzhuâ€. The basic style of "Jiading Sanzhu" has been evaluated in the Ming Dynasty. It is said that "the flowers and birds regulate Xu Xi's freehand brushwork. The figures are between horses and summers, and the southern Song Dynasty is painted in the south. The bamboo is more admired in the Northern Song Dynasty. Ghostwriting, for the simple old and simple, easy to live." This means that the bamboo carvings of "Jiading Sanzhu" are in the same vein as the literati paintings of the famous painter Xu Xi of the Five Dynasties. They pay attention to "ink and wash", and they are mostly written in bold, with freehand brushwork and small freehand brushwork. Such techniques can convey the elegance of the literati and the temperament of "Ye Yi"; the bamboo carving landscape painting of "Jiading Sanzhu" is similar to the painting style represented by the famous painters Ma Yuan and Xia Gui in the Southern Song Dynasty. Ma Yuan’s landscape paintings are a method of panoramic composition of the Northern Song Dynasty landscape paintings. The center of gravity of the painting is biased to the corners. “Or the peaks are straight up without seeing the top, or the cliffs are straight down without seeing their feet, or the mountains are near, the close-up is prominentâ€, which is part of the interception. The arrangement of the rules. Xia Gui's paintings also love to take a corner and make a "cut-view" landscape. Therefore, in the history of painting, it is called "the horse's corner, the summer half". The landscape paintings of the three bamboo carvings of Jiading are also “cut-and-viewâ€, so they are interesting.
After bamboo carving everyone Zhu He, his son Zhu Ying, his grandson Zhu Zhizheng is also quite famous in the Jiading bamboo carving. According to "Jiading County" and "Bamboo People", there are no fewer than 20 people in the Jiading School. Among them, Qin Yijue, Shen Bi, Wu Zhiyao, Feng Cilu, Zhou Wei, Shi Tianzhang, Gu Yu, Cai Shimin, etc., are especially important to the world. The Jiading School of Bamboo Carvings was acquired during the Kangxijia Period of the Qing Dynasty (1662-1820), reaching the golden age. Jiading was known as the “Hometown of Bamboo Carvingsâ€. The Jiading School became a famous bamboo carving genre with a profound influence on the future generations. . Among the bamboo carvings of Jiading School, due to the different times, the cultural and artistic qualities of each person are different, so the famous works have their own personality characteristics.
Jinling School
From the middle of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, in the art of bamboo carving, it was the Jinling School that was founded by Yu Cheng in the art of bamboo carving. Jinlingpai bamboo carvings are characterized by shallow engraving and simplicity. This technique is not deep and the level is not reduced. The surface is slightly scratched, but it is simple and fascinating. Although it seems to be a few strokes, it has a profound conception.
The Jinling School is very particular about the use of round sculptures. The choice of materials is very strict. When carving, it is good at taking shape and not artificially modifying. The Jinling School is also good at bamboo carving calligraphy, which makes Chinese traditional bamboo carvings add a rich literati atmosphere. This is the charm of the Jinling School's bamboo carving art, and it is also the concrete manifestation of its main features. However, the Jinling School bamboo carvings were created by Yu Cheng, and they were either directly or influenced by the people. After Yucheng, only Pan Xifeng and Fang’s achievements were the most outstanding, and their reputations were growing. Therefore, they were regarded as the two pillars of the Jinling School’s artistic inheritance. Since then, due to the prevalence of bamboo carvings in Jiading, there has been a certain impact. In the end, the influence is slight and almost lost.
Zhejiang School
The art of bamboo carving and Zhepai ​​bamboo carving was created by Zhang Xihuang, the "sacred hand of the Qing Dynasty." Zhang Xihuang, whose name is Zongluo, the word Xihuang, with the word line. Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Zhang Xihuang's contribution to the art of bamboo carving is mainly to improve the traditional "green" bamboo carving technique since the Tang Dynasty. "Leaving Green", also known as "Leather Carving", is a technique of carving on the bamboo "green bark" (green bamboo skin), that is, a layer of bamboo green carving pattern on the surface of the bamboo is used, and the bamboo other than the pattern is scraped off. Green, revealing the skin below bamboo green. This kind of bamboo carving is not only delicate, but also looks moist; after the year, the green space is yellowed, the darker the color of the bamboo skin, the contrast of color and texture, the pattern will magically show its unique charm. Zhang Xihuang’s “Leaving Green†is an incredible improvement and development of traditional techniques. On the same device, he takes all the green, stay, stay or stay, to obey the content of the picture. Need to separate the levels. After the year, the color is formed from deep to light, and the effect of natural fading is changed. The change of shade and color reflected by the traditional Chinese painting on the paper is subtly reflected in the bamboo carving, thus making the pattern of the green pattern break through the pattern and color. And sculpting fun. His handed down works are meticulously crafted and exquisite. Among them, the pens of "Shanshui Pavilion" are the most typical, and they are called "three-dimensional paintings." Zhang Xihuang used bamboo's skin as a painting and calligraphy, and his achievements were remarkable. People called him the "sacred hand". His works, fine ideas and wonderful craftsmanship are integrated into one, with a strong literati atmosphere, and influence and drive a large number of bamboo carving artists, and finally form an elegant, indifferent and ingenious style of Zhepai, with Jiading, The Jinling faction drives along and drives. In the middle of the 20th century, the representative of the ancient bamboo carvings lived in Shanghai, such as Jinxi Cliff in Wuxing, Zhejiang, Xu Subai from Jiangsu Wujin, Zhici in Suzhou, and Zhang Renzhi in Wuxi.
Huizhou
The bamboo carving Huizhou is called "Xin'an" in ancient times and is located in Weinan. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the style of writing was flourishing, and the Confucian tradition was gradually formed, and the famous "Xin'an Culture" was born. In history, Huizhou is not only famous for producing paper, ink, and enamel, but also for brick carving, wood carving, and stone carving. It is also known as “Three Eagles in Huizhouâ€. It enjoys a good reputation both at home and abroad, and its bamboo sculpture has also formed its own style and has outstanding achievements. Therefore, with the rise of the three art schools of Jiading, Jinling and Zhejiang, the “Huizhou Bamboo Carvings†were soon revealed to the world.
Huizhou bamboo carvings are generally made from the bamboos that are abundant in Huizhou. They use knives and styling, and use techniques such as line carving, bas-relief and deep relief to engrave various paintings and calligraphy. These works include celebrity calligraphy inks; mountains and rivers with places of interest; and myths with folklore; there are many different kinds of rare birds and animals. Bamboo carvings are mainly used for decoration, such as common handicrafts, including screens, screens, hanging screens, vases, pencil cases, toothpick boxes, ashtrays, tea leaves, hats, pen holders, chopsticks, couplets, wrist pillows, tableware, etc. . They are all decorated with bamboo carvings.
The representative figures of "Huizhou Bamboo Carvings" include Wu Yuanman, Li Xiqiao, Zhang Lifu and Cheng Wen. Wu Yuanman is an Anhui native at the end of the Ming Dynasty. He is proficient in calligraphy and is good at engraving. He is especially interested in the "Six Books" study. Therefore, the bamboo carvings are unique in character and are mainly based on the stone tablets. They can be used as well as the pens when transporting the knife. Formed a unique artistic style, such as three generations of Dingyi. Li Xiqiao is a famous bamboo carving master in the early Qing Dynasty. His name is "Shilushan Man". His bamboo carvings have both the Wuyuanman calligraphy and the bamboo, and new creations. The simple paintings are like bamboo and stone, the figures are placed on the arm, the pen holders are simple, and the lines are simple. Smooth, beautiful and artistic. Zhang Lifu was a master of bamboo carvings who became famous during the Daoguang and Xianfeng years of the Qing Dynasty. With engraving and engraving as the industry, there are many achievements, and the bamboo carving works are also unique.
other
In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, in addition to the genre art formed in the region, some sculptors have contributed to the inheritance of predecessors and innovations, inventing new techniques that are different from regional genres, among which Representatives are Li Yao, Zhang Buqing, Ma Genxian, Deng Fujia, Shang Xun, Shi Xueting and Shi Yi and other brothers.
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