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D-Wave's Quantum Computer Chip
In the morning of June 12, Beijing time, over the past 30 years, researchers have been trying to develop universal quantum computers that can solve any computational problem. Currently, a team from California and Spain has developed a prototype device that can solve a variety of problems in the physical and chemical fields, and it may be applied to a wider area in the future.
IBM and Canadian company D-Wave used different methods to develop quantum computers that provide certain functions. However, such devices cannot be expanded to more qubits, thereby solving the problems that conventional computers cannot solve.
Computer scientists from the Google Research Laboratory in Santa Barbara, California, and physicists from the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of the Basque Country in Spain recently introduced their latest equipment in the journal Nature.
Daniel Lidar, a quantum computing expert at the University of Southern California, said: "In many ways, this is an outstanding result and draws on many valuable experiences in the quantum computing industry."
Google's prototype products combine two quantum computing technologies. One of these techniques uses a qubit that has a special arrangement for a particular problem to design a computer digital circuit. This is similar to custom digital circuits in traditional microprocessors.
A large part of quantum computing theory is based on this technique. This also includes error correction methods that avoid deviations from the calculation results. But so far, quantum computers based on this technology have been limited to a few qubits.
Another technique is called "Athermal Calorie Counting (AQC)". The computer encodes a particular problem as a set of qubits and gradually adjusts the interaction between these qubits to "shape" the common quantum state and arrive at a solution. In theory, any problem can be coded as a set of qubits.
Rami Barends, a computer scientist at the Google team, said that this technique is limited by random noise effects that introduce errors that the system cannot correct. In addition, this kind of technology cannot guarantee to solve any problem effectively.
However, the world's first commercial quantum computing device is based on AQC technology. This product from the British company D-Wave, the price of about 15 million US dollars. Google also owns a D-Wave device. However, Ballens and his colleagues believe that there is a better way to use AQC technology.
They want to find some kind of error correction. If there is no error correction, then using AQC technology to expand the scale of the calculation will be very difficult, because in a larger system, the accumulation of errors will be rapid. The team believes that the first step in achieving this goal is to combine AQC techniques with error correction techniques in digital methods.
In the study, Google's team used nine solid state qubits. These qubits are made of a cross-shaped aluminum film and have a width of about 400 microns. Subsequently, these qubits were fixed on the sapphire surface. The researchers reduced the temperature of these aluminum films to 0.02 Kelvin (about minus 273 degrees Celsius), making the metal superconductors and completely disappearing. Using these superconducting qubits, researchers can encode information into them.
The interaction of adjacent qubits is controlled by the "gate of logic." The logic gate manipulates the qubits digitally and brings them into a state that leads to a solution to the problem. In the demonstration, the researchers arranged the qubits to simulate a magnetic atom array with a certain spin state. Such problems have been fully studied in condensed matter physics. Researchers can then use qubits to determine combinations of atomic spin states that have the lowest total potential energy.
For traditional computers, this is a very simple question. However, Google’s new devices can also handle the so-called “non-stoquastic†problem, which traditional computers cannot. This includes the simulation of multiple electronic interactions that previously required accurate chemical computer simulations. Simulating molecules and other substances from the quantum level will be the most valuable application of quantum computing.
Lidar said that this new method will enable quantum computers to make quantum error corrections. Although the researchers have not yet proved, the team had previously stated that this can be done on 9 qubit devices.
Alireza Shabani, another member of the Google team, said: "With error correction, our technology can become a universal algorithm that can be extended to any large-scale quantum computer."
Google's equipment is currently largely at the prototype stage. However, Lidar said that in the next few years, more than 40 qubit devices will become a reality.
He said: "At that time, the simulation of quantum dynamics will become possible, which is beyond the reach of traditional hardware. This means the arrival of 'quantum hegemony'." (Viking)
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