Cauliflower, also known as cauliflower, is one of the important vegetable varieties in Lianghe County, Yunnan Province. It is affected by its phylogenetic characteristics and local climate characteristics. The main production season is in winter and spring, while it is relatively less planted in summer and autumn. Therefore, the market supply of broccoli varies greatly between seasons, oversupply in winter and spring, the price is not high, the average price per kilogram is about 0.60 yuan; the supply is in short supply in summer and autumn, the price is high, the listing price is as high as 3-4 yuan / kg, the average 1.2 yuan / kg. In order to make full use of mountain climate, soil and labor resources and increase the market supply of broccoli production in the off-season, Lianghe County Agricultural Bureau has carried out the cultivating trial of broccoli in the mountainous area of 1800-2200 meters above sea level in Xiaochang Township, Gaochun Mountainous Area since 1996. The demonstration work has achieved remarkable results. The cumulative promotion of 8096.6 mu, all the potato-hybrid corn-cauliflower intercropping mode, the average yield of broccoli 1629.3 kg per mu, the output value of 1955 yuan per mu ; plus the two sets of potato and corn, the annual output value Up to 3035 yuan, it has become a new bright spot for mountain farmers to increase their incomes.
    First, the requirements of broccoli for environmental conditions. Cauliflower is a nutritious vegetable of the genus Brassica, which is strict in environmental conditions. It is most suitable for cool and humid climate soil conditions. It is neither cold nor heat resistant, and it is hot and dry.
   1. Temperature requirement: The germination temperature of broccoli seeds is 15-18 ° C, and the suitable temperature for vegetative growth is 15-25 °C, and the optimum temperature is 15-20 °C. The monthly average temperature is above 21 °C, which affects its growth and shows poor growth. The flower bulb hypertrophy period is 10-20 °C, and the flower bulb stops forming at 25 °C or abnormal flower buds appear. Growth below 5 °C was inhibited, and bare balls below 0 °C were frozen.
   2 , lighting requirements: broccoli is a hi-light crop, sufficient light is conducive to the expansion of nutrient area and the synthesis and accumulation of nutrients, can promote flower ball hypertrophy. However, in the direct sunlight of the flower ball, the color of the flower ball will turn yellow and affect the quality of the flower ball. Therefore, the leaf or the leaf should be shaded during the fattening period of the flower ball.
   3 , water requirements: broccoli like a humid environment, not drought-resistant, not resistant to phlegm. In the vigorous growth period of the leaves and the formation of the flower ball, sufficient water is required; in the case of dry and hot weather, the leaves become smaller, the petiole and internodes are elongated, the growth is poor, the flower ball is small and poor, the yield is low, and the quality is poor; Excessive moisture during the growth period will cause the flower ball to be loose, the flower branches to rot, and the quality to be reduced.
   4. Fertilizer requirements: Cauliflower is a large-water and large-fertilizer crop. It requires sufficient nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, and has special requirements for nutrients such as boron and magnesium. Boron deficiency often causes the flower ball to become rust brown and bitter; the magnesium deficiency leaves turn yellow.
   5 , soil requirements: broccoli root system is developed, there are many roots, requiring vegetable fields to be thick, rich in organic matter, water and fertilizer, soil loose.
   2. Analysis of climatic conditions for the development of anti-season cauliflower in the mountainous areas of Lianghe County. The average annual temperature of Lianghe County's alpine mountainous area ( 1800-2200 meters above sea level) is 12.3-14 °C, the hottest monthly average temperature is 16.1-18 °C, the coldest monthly average temperature is 7.1-10 °C; the annual rainfall is 1875-1910 mm, 5- October is the rainy season, precipitation accounted for 86% of the year, from June to August accounted for 58% of the annual precipitation, rain and hot season; November to April dry season, precipitation accounted for 14% of the year. From the temperature change situation, the growth period of anti-season broccoli is in the environment where the temperature changes from high to low. The temperature in the early stage is higher, suitable for vegetative growth, low temperature in the late stage, suitable for flower ball differentiation and hypertrophy. The vegetative growth of broccoli in the same season was in July , August and September , and the average monthly temperature was 16.8 °C, 16.3 °C, 13.7 °C, which was the optimum temperature range for vegetative growth of broccoli. The hottest monthly average temperature was 16.8 °C, which was lower than the growth. The critical temperature is 21 °C. Flower bulb differentiation and hypertrophy in September , October and November , the monthly average temperature is 13.7 °C, 11.4 °C, 8 °C, in the temperature range of 5-15 °C in flower bulb differentiation and hypertrophy , can meet the broccoli flower ball differentiation and hypertrophy The critical temperature is below 15 °C. From the perspective of rainfall and light, although the rainfall in June and August is relatively concentrated, it is not good for the growth of seedlings (the key requirement is to plant the seedlings and plant the seedlings); but after entering September , the rainfall is gradually reduced, the soil is moist, the light is sufficient, and the temperature is sufficient. Suitable, it is very beneficial to the vegetative growth and development of cauliflower in the middle and late stages. The production practice proves that the off-season cultivation in the alpine mountainous area can produce broccoli products with excellent taste and high quality.
   Third, cultivation techniques
   1. Selection of good varieties: The local large-leaf type medium-breasted white-flowered broccoli variety is selected. The variety is tender, nutritious and palatable, and is popular among consumers.
   2 , cultivate strong seedlings: (1) seedbed preparation. Choose the soil texture is loose and fertile, the water retention and fertility is strong, the terrain is high, and the watering is convenient for the plot, as a seedbed. The seedbed can be set in a greenhouse and deep-turned before sowing to reduce soil bacteria and underground pests. At the same time, the base fertilizer is applied, and 2.5 tons of manure and manure are applied to the mu . After the broken soil is leveled, the ditch is cut, the width is 1 m, the ditch is 30 cm, and the length is not limited, according to the area of ​​the transplanted land. After pouring the bottom water, wait for the seeding.
   (2) Sowing at the right time. In late May-June early sowing choose sunny, cauliflower too early or too late to negative growth. The amount of seeds per 30 square meters is 30-50 grams, sowing should be evenly distributed, and the wet soil and fine feces should be covered after sowing. Cover it with a layer of straw or cover it with a shade net. You can also build a plastic film on the seedbed to avoid rain. After the seeds are germinated, choose to weed in the evening on a sunny day. It is not suitable to weed the grass during the day when the sun is strong, and it is not allowed to weed with dew, in order to prevent the disease from being affected by the seedlings.
   (3) Implantation of transplanted seedlings. Implanted seedlings are one of the key measures to cultivate strong seedlings. When the seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, the transplanted seedlings are planted, and the seedlings are classified according to the size of the seedlings. The size of the seedlings is 8 × 10 cm. It can also be faked on the nutrient bowl, requiring watering while moving the seedlings. The nutrient meal is prepared by using sieving soil and decomposed fine manure, the ratio is 2:1 , and it is fully mixed to make nutrient meal. Using nutrient mash to move seedlings, it is safe to cross the slow seedling period and promote the rapid growth of vegetable seedlings. Seedling pay attention to water moisture, maintain proper soil moisture, and with a clear manure poured seedlings twice with soil transplanted to the field when the seedlings reach 6-7 true leaves.
   3 , colonization and field management: (1) timely planting. It is generally planted in the late July to early August , and can be planted in batches and gradually listed. Planting too early due to excessive growth of rain, the disease is more serious, and the symbiotic period is long before and after, which is not conducive to the growth of seedlings. Colonization is too late to make insufficient use of precipitation in autumn, combined with drought in winter and spring, and no irrigation conditions in the mountains, resulting in poor growth due to insufficient water, and even plant failure.
   (2) Standardized set. In the off-season cultivation of broccoli in the mountainous areas, there is no problem with the main crops of corn and potato. There is only a set-up relationship, which can be collected more than one year and increase the output value per mu. In general, the pattern is intercropping: Spring potato (late January to early February sowing) - hybrid corn (April to late planting) - Broccoli (late July to early August transplanting). The potato is planted in wide and narrow rows , with a wide row spacing of 1.5 meters, a narrow row spacing of 50 cm, and a plant spacing of 15-20 cm. The varieties use medium and early maturing varieties such as "Atlantic" and "Zhongdianhong", and the basic seedlings are 2300-2500 . Like spacing sowing implement hybrid maize, potato interplanting central line width, line spacing of 1.5 meters, 25-30 cm spacing, 1800-2300 acres planted strain; cultivar selection "Nianbaoyuze 7", "3 De cloud", "Paul Try 219 " and so on. Cauliflower is set in the corn row, each line of two rows of broccoli, line spacing 50 cm, (corn line and broccoli row spacing 50 cm), plant spacing 50 cm, acres planted 1500-1800 plants, choose sunny days to plant ponds, generally planted after pouring You can survive by setting the root water once.
   (3) Re-application of base fertilizer. Cauliflower is a large-water and large-fertilizer crop. It requires re-application of base fertilizer to increase soil fertility, water retention and fertilization capacity. Ren Chufen fertilizer per acre composting facilities 2 tons superphosphate 50 kg, 50 kg calcium and magnesium phosphate, as basal ash 200 kg.
   (4) Management. Cauliflower has a long growth period and a large amount of fertilizer. It is not conducive to growth and development during the late growth period. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the management of fertilizer and water in the early mid-term. The frequency and concentration of top dressing can be flexibly controlled according to the growth of broccoli and the change of leaf color. The fertilization technology of “pre-promotion, medium-weight and post-complement†can be used to promote the broccoli in the autumn under suitable conditions. Vegetative growth; combined with cultivating and weeding, using human and animal manure and urea to pour the seedlings twice, the manure should be 30 cm away from the roots , digging pits and then covering the soil. After entering the ball-forming period, 1% urea and 0.3-0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate are used as top dressing for 1-2 times. At the same time, the control of cabbage caterpillar, cotton bollworm and aphid is strengthened to ensure quality.
(5) Harvesting and seeding. The harvesting standard is: the flower ball is fully grown, the surface is flat and flat, no discoloration, and the edges are not scattered; a small amount of leaves are used to protect the flower ball during harvesting. Generally , it begins to mature after entering October , and the fertilizer and water conditions are good. It can be listed in late September and can sell well. Special treatment should be carried out on the retained plants. Choose noon at noon, and remove some dense branches and weak branches in the center of the flower ball to concentrate the nutrients. Also cut off 1/3 of the center of the flower ball and 3-4 branches with the remaining edges. Small flower ball; pay attention to isolation, avoid natural hybridization with cruciferous vegetables, and require isolation above 500 meters.
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