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(1) The stratum lithologic strata are composed of rocks. The rocks are mainly composed of more than ten kinds of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite and musk mineral. They are divided into three categories according to the genesis of genesis: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.
1. Types and characteristics of formation lithology. Sticky and loess: Sedimentary rocks composed of clay mineral particles with a diameter of 0.01 mm or less.
Mudstone and shale: Rocks formed by the diagenesis of clay deposits. The block is mudstone and the lamella is lamella. The oil-rich shale, which is rich in oil and is rich in oil, is oil shale.
Sandstone: A rock formed by cementing together. The diameter of 0.5~1mm is called coarse sandstone, the diameter of 0.25~0.5mm is called medium sandstone, the diameter is 0.1~0.25mm called fine sandstone, and the diameter is 0.01~0.1mm called siltstone. Sandstone is divided into siliceous and calcium depending on the cement. Sandstone has pores that store fluids. The sandstone with large pores and the limestone developed by the fracture are good permeability rocks.
Conglomerate: The particles of the rock are larger than 1mm called gravel. Rocks formed by gravel and cement are called conglomerates. According to the size of the gravel, it is divided into three types: coarse conglomerate, medium conglomerate and fine conglomerate. The shape is different and angular is called breccia.
Limestone: The main component is calcium carbonate, which is formed by chemical deposition and formed in ocean or land lakes. It is massive and relatively dense and hard. According to different compositions, limestone can be divided into limestone, marl, sandy limestone, argillaceous limestone, dolomite and shell limestone (biocrust sedimentary diagenesis). The argillaceous limestone is more plastic, and the pure limestone is brittle and hard.
2. The drillability of stratum rock and the drillability of graded rock are the basic factors determining the drilling efficiency. It reflects the difficulty of rock fracture during drilling. It is a reasonable choice of drilling method, bit structure and drilling procedure parameters. Basis. The drillability of the drill bit encountered in the formation rock can be analyzed to understand the rationality of the bit selection and the adaptability to the formation. Generally, the product of the drilling speed of the drill bit and the footage is used as a measure.
The basic properties of rock that affect rock drillability are: mineral composition and structure of rock, density, porosity, water content and water permeability; mechanical properties include hardness, strength, elasticity, brittleness, plasticity and abrasiveness. Generally, in the rock-forming minerals, there are many quartz, strong cementation, fine particles, dense structure, no weathering and alteration, and the rock can be drilled poorly; while the rock has high hardness and strength, strong abrasiveness, and poor rock drillability.
The process factors that affect the rock drillability are: the pressure applied to the drill bit, the rotational speed, the type of mud and the chip evacuation at the bottom of the well.
The technical conditions that affect rock drillability are: drilling equipment, bore diameter and depth, drilling methods, structure and quality of rock breaking tools. There are four viewpoints on the classification of rock drillability, and there are four types of division methods. Due to the continuous improvement of the technical level of the process, the relative and absolute relationship between the drillability levels of the rock at all levels has also changed.
3. Collection of lithology data of the formation The work of collecting formation lithology data during the drilling process is called logging. Therefore, the collection of lithologic data of the formation should focus on the collection of sand records of geological logging raw materials: also known as cuttings logging. The new exploration area generally takes sand samples once per meter, and the production wells are generally sampled at the boundary or standard layer, oil and gas layers. Through the sand sample logging data, it can be judged that the lithology of the formation is encountered.
Logging during drilling: Record the time required for each meter of drilling, draw a curve according to the depth of the well, and use it in combination with other materials as a reference for judging the stratum. The hardness of the formation directly affects the speed of drilling. By recording the speed of drilling, it is also possible to understand the changes of the formation and the working condition of the drill bit in the underground.
Mud Logging: The change in mud performance is often related to the nature of the formation. If the gypsum layer is drilled, the viscosity of the mud will increase, the amount of water loss will increase, the amount of calcium will increase, and the amount of sulfate will increase. When oil or gas is drilled, a large amount of oil and bubbles will appear on the mud tank and the pool, and the viscosity will increase and the specific gravity will decrease. . Judging the lithology of the formation by mud logging data.
4. Formation lithology and drill bit use
The selection of the drill bit and the use of the drill bit are based on the mechanical and physical properties of the rock and the formation conditions. The rock properties closely related to the use of the drill bit are: hardness, plasticity and abrasiveness.
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(1) The stratum lithologic strata are composed of rocks. The rocks are mainly composed of more than ten kinds of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, calcite and musk mineral. They are divided into three categories according to the genesis of genesis: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks.
1. Types and characteristics of formation lithology. Sticky and loess: Sedimentary rocks composed of clay mineral particles with a diameter of 0.01 mm or less.
Mudstone and shale: Rocks formed by the diagenesis of clay deposits. The block is mudstone and the lamella is lamella. The oil-rich shale, which is rich in oil and is rich in oil, is oil shale.
Sandstone: A rock formed by cementing together. The diameter of 0.5~1mm is called coarse sandstone, the diameter of 0.25~0.5mm is called medium sandstone, the diameter is 0.1~0.25mm called fine sandstone, and the diameter is 0.01~0.1mm called siltstone. Sandstone is divided into siliceous and calcium depending on the cement. Sandstone has pores that store fluids. The sandstone with large pores and the limestone developed by the fracture are good permeability rocks.
Conglomerate: The particles of the rock are larger than 1mm called gravel. Rocks formed by gravel and cement are called conglomerates. According to the size of the gravel, it is divided into three types: coarse conglomerate, medium conglomerate and fine conglomerate. The shape is different and angular is called breccia.
Limestone: The main component is calcium carbonate, which is formed by chemical deposition and formed in ocean or land lakes. It is massive and relatively dense and hard. According to different compositions, limestone can be divided into limestone, marl, sandy limestone, argillaceous limestone, dolomite and shell limestone (biocrust sedimentary diagenesis). The argillaceous limestone is more plastic, and the pure limestone is brittle and hard.
2. The drillability of stratum rock and the drillability of graded rock are the basic factors determining the drilling efficiency. It reflects the difficulty of rock fracture during drilling. It is a reasonable choice of drilling method, bit structure and drilling procedure parameters. Basis. The drillability of the drill bit encountered in the formation rock can be analyzed to understand the rationality of the bit selection and the adaptability to the formation. Generally, the product of the drilling speed of the drill bit and the footage is used as a measure.
The basic properties of rock that affect rock drillability are: mineral composition and structure of rock, density, porosity, water content and water permeability; mechanical properties include hardness, strength, elasticity, brittleness, plasticity and abrasiveness. Generally, in the rock-forming minerals, there are many quartz, strong cementation, fine particles, dense structure, no weathering and alteration, and the rock can be drilled poorly; while the rock has high hardness and strength, strong abrasiveness, and poor rock drillability.
The process factors that affect the rock drillability are: the pressure applied to the drill bit, the rotational speed, the type of mud and the chip evacuation at the bottom of the well.
The technical conditions that affect rock drillability are: drilling equipment, bore diameter and depth, drilling methods, structure and quality of rock breaking tools. There are four viewpoints on the classification of rock drillability, and there are four types of division methods. Due to the continuous improvement of the technical level of the process, the relative and absolute relationship between the drillability levels of the rock at all levels has also changed.
3. Collection of lithology data of the formation The work of collecting formation lithology data during the drilling process is called logging. Therefore, the collection of lithologic data of the formation should focus on the collection of sand records of geological logging raw materials: also known as cuttings logging. The new exploration area generally takes sand samples once per meter, and the production wells are generally sampled at the boundary or standard layer, oil and gas layers. Through the sand sample logging data, it can be judged that the lithology of the formation is encountered.
Logging during drilling: Record the time required for each meter of drilling, draw a curve according to the depth of the well, and use it in combination with other materials as a reference for judging the stratum. The hardness of the formation directly affects the speed of drilling. By recording the speed of drilling, it is also possible to understand the changes of the formation and the working condition of the drill bit in the underground.
Mud Logging: The change in mud performance is often related to the nature of the formation. If the gypsum layer is drilled, the viscosity of the mud will increase, the amount of water loss will increase, the amount of calcium will increase, and the amount of sulfate will increase. When oil or gas is drilled, a large amount of oil and bubbles will appear on the mud tank and the pool, and the viscosity will increase and the specific gravity will decrease. . Judging the lithology of the formation by mud logging data.
4. Formation lithology and drill bit use
The selection of the drill bit and the use of the drill bit are based on the mechanical and physical properties of the rock and the formation conditions. The rock properties closely related to the use of the drill bit are: hardness, plasticity and abrasiveness.
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Submission:
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