For many years, many experts and technicians have repeatedly advocated that orchards cannot be flooded with water, but flood irrigation is still widespread in various places, and the reasons are thought-provoking.
The first is the issue of ideological understanding. I have always believed that the key to the promotion of all technologies is the people's ideological understanding. It is no exception to the problem of flooding. Many fruit farmers do not realize the harmfulness of flooding. Zhang Lixin, a famous fruit tree expert, said that many fruit farmers have misunderstood the issue of irrigation. They did not realize that irrigation is to “water the trees†rather than “watering the landâ€. In some places, even the law is like this – Go, pour the ground."
Many fruit farmers are affected by the management of field crops such as wheat and corn. Because field crops are generally flooded with water, it is natural to assume that fruit trees can also be flooded with water. It is not known that fruit trees, growth patterns, water demand characteristics and field crops are very The big difference is that flooding with large water has many disadvantages for fruit trees.
The second is the method problem. Many fruit farmers cannot afford to invest in modern irrigation methods such as drip irrigation and seepage irrigation. However, some simple and practical irrigation methods are not known. In addition to flooding, many fruit farmers do not know how to irrigate.
There are also some fruit farmers who have limited labor, telling him how to get it, he is afraid of trouble, especially during the busy season, but he is not able to do it, or the flooding is simple, the electric gate will be on.
To promote fruit farmers to carry out water-saving irrigation, no longer flooding, first of all to solve the problem of fruit farmers' understanding, so let's talk about the problem of flooding.
First, fruit trees do not need so much water
Fruit trees need a certain limit of water, too much is too bad. We know that the soil is a combination of water, fertilizer, gas and heat. Good soil and soil have a proper proportion of each element. If there is too much water, it will inevitably affect the other three aspects. The permeability will be worse, and the roots of the fruit trees will feel breathless. In severe cases, the roots will die. When the water is too much, the soil temperature is difficult to increase. The lower temperature is not conducive to the growth of fruit trees. In addition, some mobility is strong. The nutrients will also be lost with water or infiltrated into the deep soil. Therefore, fruit trees do not need too much water. In general, the soil water content reaches 45-60% of the maximum field water holding capacity to meet the demand for fruit trees. For some Wangshu, sometimes it is necessary to control the water moderately in order to facilitate the fruit trees to form flowers.
In this respect, Professor Wei Qinping, a famous fruit tree expert in China, has done such an interesting experiment, that is, planting an apple tree in the middle of four square flower pots, that is, dividing the roots of the fruit trees into four parts for watering. The results show that each time only one flower pot of fruit trees (ie, one quarter watering) is poured, the fruit trees grow less nutritiously, and it is easy to form flowers, and each time four flower pots are watered by fruit trees (ie, four molecules four Watering), the amount of growth is large, the foliage is flourishing, but it is difficult to form flowers. This experiment shows that fruit trees can achieve the desired results with moderately controlled watering.
Second, the flooding of large water is likely to cause the roots of the fruit trees to absorb roots.
We know that the topsoil of more than 30 cm in the rhizosphere of fruit trees is distributed with a large number of absorbing roots. What is the absorbing root? That is, the root of the capillary root that is only a few millimeters in length is the root of absorption. The most inconspicuous little thing is the lifeblood of the fruit tree. These roots are very sensitive to environmental changes, and the temperature of the surface soil, drought, floods, etc. can cause root death. Studies have shown that after flood irrigation, the absorbing roots in the surface soil often die in large numbers due to the great changes in the aeration, temperature and water content of the surface soil. The death of these roots will cause a temporary loss of nutrient nutrition, until the new absorption roots grow out. Therefore, some fruit trees will appear yellow or fruit drop after flooding.
3. Flooding of large water will destroy the structure of soil aggregates and cause soil compaction.
The flooding of large water has a strong effect on soil erosion and compaction. The flooding of large water causes the air in the soil to be squeezed out. The soil is in an anoxic environment. Some roots and soil microorganisms will die due to lack of oxygen, and the agglomerate structure of the soil is also Destruction, causing soil compaction.
4. Flooding with large water will slow the ground temperature, affecting root growth and delaying apple ripening time.
Especially in the spring, due to the large specific heat of the water, the ground temperature rises slowly after the orchard floods. The low temperature will directly affect the growth of fruit tree roots and soil microbial activities, delay the flowering time of fruit trees, and delay the ripening time of apples, especially for medium and early ripe apples.
5. Flooding in large water is easy to spread diseases such as rot disease
Many pathogens such as rot disease spread with water. After the flooding of the orchard, a variety of pathogens such as rot pathogens will flow to the roots of each fruit tree. The conditions will infect the healthy fruit trees, causing the prevalence of rot.
Sixth, flooding of large water is easy to cause fruit trees to grow, it is difficult to become flowers
After flooding with large water, the vegetative growth is greatly enhanced due to the excessive moisture absorbed by the fruit trees, and a large number of strips are produced, and the new shoots are prolonged. The prosperous new shoots consume too much photosynthetic nutrients and mineral nutrients. The nutrients distributed to fruits, roots and flower buds are relatively reduced. It is difficult to grow fruits, flower buds are difficult to form, root growth is inhibited, and new shoots are excessively prosperous. Long, the nutrient accumulation is worse, the branches are not full, the resistance is reduced, the light is deteriorated, the ineffective branches and leaves are increased, the utilization rate of light energy is reduced, and various pests and diseases are easily prevalent.
7. Water and nutrient waste caused by flooding
According to the survey, it takes about 120 tons of water to flood an acre of land, and water-saving irrigation technology can save more than 75% of water. For countries with very few water resources in China, water-saving irrigation is advocated against large water. Flood irrigation is especially important. It can also save a lot of money for fruit farmers. In addition, some mineral nutrients in the soil will be lost in the soil with large water loss or infiltration in the deep soil (the fruit trees are not available), resulting in great waste of nutrients.
Through the above analysis, we can see that the flood irrigation is a measure of “unbelievableâ€. Therefore, in actual production, we must not flood the water.
So, what method does the orchard use for irrigation to avoid the above problems and achieve good results? Here I introduce a technology for the promotion of ridges, furrows and grasses in the promotion of the national apple industry technology system for your reference.
The orchard ditch irrigation is referred to as furrow irrigation, which is a new method for water saving irrigation in orchards. Generally, the ditch is combined with the ridge. Under the projection of the canopy of the fruit tree, along the direction of the line, a watering ditch of about 20 cm in width and width is cut on both sides of the tree row, and the soil taken from the ditch is covered with a tree tray. At the same time, the tree ridges are ridged. It is generally recommended that the old orchard ridges be 10-20 cm high, the new planting gardens are 20-30 cm, the trees are high, the rows are low, and the ridge width is 1-1.2 m. The treatment time can be combined with the application of the base fertilizer in autumn. The ridge is covered with grass or covered with a black mulch. Grass can be carried out between the rows of fruit trees, and the grass grows to a certain extent and covers the tree tray after castration.
After the treatment, irrigation can be carried out along the small ditch, and each irrigation only fills the small ditch on one side of the fruit tree. This type of irrigation method saves at least 75% of water at a time compared to flooding. The soluble solid form of the fruit is increased by 1-2 degrees, and the fruit can be prevented from cracking before harvesting, and the tree body is controlled to grow.
In the furrow irrigation, only the concentrated distribution area of ​​the roots is absorbed by the irrigated fruit trees, and the irrigation water can exert greater utility. The middle layer of 30-60 cm of the rhizosphere of the fruit tree is the soil layer that mainly provides water for the fruit trees. When the irrigation water is gully, the irrigation water penetrates into the soil layer through the ditch bottom and the ditch wall, the surface soil structure is not damaged, and the soil permeability is good. Conducive to the activities of soil microbes. When the ditch is filled, the water does not directly flow to the roots and necks of the fruit trees, which can effectively prevent the spread of root and neck diseases. In addition, when the furrow is irrigated, the air humidity around the trunk of the fruit tree is low, which can alleviate the damage caused by the rough skin disease of the branches and the ring disease of the lower part of the crown.
“Ranging, mulching and grass feeding†is simple in technology, low in investment (less than 1/10 of water saving in facilities) and easy for fruit farmers to accept; it can effectively reduce soil evaporation and fruit tree transpiration, and reduce water and fertilizer loss. The fruit trees are perennial and have a large root system, which is conducive to implementation. It has a built-up and many years of use characteristics, which is not available in field crops.
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