Grapes are important during the expansion period.

Before fruits and vegetables

After fruits and vegetables

　　 In June , the open field grapes have finished flowering and entered the berry expansion period. During this period, seeds were formed, new shoots were thickened , management should pay attention to strengthening the supply of fertilizer and water, continue to manage the new shoots and young fruits, and prevent pests and diseases.

 

Production management points

 

New shoot binding and secondary tip handling

 

The over-tightness of the new shoot not only affects the coloration and enlargement of the fruit, but also has poor maturity, which affects the yield in the coming year. It will further affect the growth after the beginning of maturity, and the nutrients of the fruit will directly affect the quality. During this period, pay attention to timely binding to avoid overlapping branches.

 

● For varieties with severe sunburn, leaves should be left in the vicinity of the ear (generally, these varieties have long internodes and small leaves, and can retain 1-2 pieces of secondary tips).

 

● Lightly pick the new shoots that do not stop growing during the color change period, avoid strong picking, to prevent the new shoots from being lifted, and leave the 1-2 leaves to pick the heart.

 

● For weak tips with a growth length of 30cm or less, it can be unconstrained and left free from the frame surface, which can make the frame surface transparent and increase the leaf area.

 

Thin fruit

 

Thinning is another step in the adjustment. The purpose is to further limit the number of fruit pieces and the size of the ear on the basis of inflorescence shaping, to sort the shape of the ear, to make the shape of the fruit tidy, and to promote the expansion of the fruit, to improve the quality of the fruit, and to prevent the fruit from being cracked by the ear. The direct consequences of excessive results are poor fruit enlargement, reduced quality, and weakened trees. In addition to the work of flowering and flowering before flowering, it is necessary to further thin the fruit after fruit setting.

 

The sooner the fruit is, the better

 

For some varieties that are easy to form non-nuclear fruit, the fruit should be thinned when it can distinguish small fruit without stone. If it is too late, it will not promote the expansion of the fruit. At the same time, the fruit is already squeezed, and the fruit thinning operation will cause trauma. Fruits and vegetables are generally 15-25 days after the flowering , and no later than 30-35 days.

 

Fruit thinning method

 

● When fruit thinning, first remove the small grain and the fruit and the fruit that grows inward on the cob, and then remove the outer part of the outer axis and the sag of the base from the appearance, according to the characteristics of the variety, according to the variety The standard ear weight and ear shape are the targets.

 

● "Gianfeng" and other large grain-shaped varieties, the target ear weight is 350-400 grams, and the fruit grain is required to be slightly compact, conical. Generally, each twig of the base of the ear has an average of 2 fruits, and the upper part of the ear leaves every 2 knots. 3 capsules, 30-40 capsules per ear .

 

● For the varieties with very close seed, it is necessary to pay attention to the fruit thinning. On the basis of inflorescence shaping, the dysplastic fruit, the deformed fruit and the overly dense part of the fruit should be removed, such as the "Red Earth". 40-60 capsules, standard spikes 60-80 capsules, maximum no more than 100 capsules, to ensure that a single ear is greater than 500 grams less than 1000 grams, the standard ear weight is 700-1000 grams, the maximum is not more than 1200 grams.

 

● Rose scented grapes leave 60-80 capsules per ear .

 

For the varieties with very high fruit setting rate and large and tight ears, in order to save labor and fruit, the amount of fruit can be determined according to the amount of fruit retained, and then a small spike can be removed from a small spike in an ear according to the situation. Sparse ears.

 

Ear bagging

 

Bagging can alleviate the infection of fruit diseases caused by raindrops, rainwater, etc.; avoid fruit surface pollution caused by spraying; prevent cracking, daily burning, bird damage, etc.; can also control uniform coloring and improve fruit quality.

 

Grape varieties are available in direct light-colored varieties (sunlight must be directly irradiated onto the ears to color) and astigmatism-colored varieties (which do not have to be directly exposed to sunlight). For the straight light colored varieties, the coloring may be delayed or not colored. This variety is mostly red and European varieties, and its pigment type and content are less. The growth of pigment is greatly affected by natural light, while the astigmatism coloring variety is affected. Less affected. Generally, the fruit bag material has high light transmittance, is impervious to water, is permeable, and is weatherproof. The size is 150mm × 230mm , 200mm × 300mm , 250mm × 350mm , 300mm × 400mm, etc., with or without bottom. The specific length and width are determined according to the length and width of the ear of the cultivar, but must be greater than its length and width. The bag should be sealed or bonded on the other three sides except the upper mouth. When the bag is bagged, the paper bag is blown up, and the ear is carefully put into the bag, and the bag mouth can be tied to the result branch of the ear stem.

 

● The earlier the bagging period, the better, but the relationship with other operations such as fruit thinning should be taken into consideration. Generally, the bagging should be carried out as soon as possible after the completion of the fruit thinning, and the bag should be bagged as soon as possible after the treatment of the non-nuclearized treatment.

 

● The ear should be disinfected and sterilized before bagging. The bactericide should be used as needed. After the drug solution is dried, the bag can be bagged. The bagging is completed within 2 days after disinfection .

 

●In order to prevent the erosion of the fruit bag, you can add a umbrella bag to the ear, or to enhance the light, you can wear a umbrella bag directly on the ear.

 

Fertilizer management

 

The cell division of the grape pulp (i.e., the increase in the number of cells) is generally stopped about 2 weeks after flowering , and then the fruit is enlarged by the cell swelling. In addition, within 2-3 weeks after fruit setting, the fruit granules rapidly expand to about 70% of the final size , so the size of the fruit granules determines the final fruit size. During this period, the evaporation of the upper part of the foliage is increased. At this time, the root water absorption of the plant is the largest, so it is necessary to ensure sufficient water. If the rain is small, the irrigation should be supplemented. Fruit growth, shoot growth and flower bud differentiation require a large amount of nutrients. In addition to taking measures to protect leaves, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers (complex fertilizers) can be applied when nutrients are insufficient. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed on the foliage before and after the coloring period to promote fruit and shoot tip maturation.

 

Strengthen pest control

 

After entering June , it is a high incidence of grape downy mildew, and it is also an infection period of anthracnose and white rot.

 

Downy mildew

 

A cool, humid climate is good for downy mildew. Grape Downy Mildew Infection optimum threshold value is: within 24 hours of continuous precipitation time is greater than 4 hours and 24 hours of continuous air humidity greater than 90% of the time over 6 hours, 24 hours or more the average temperature 11 ℃, wherein the first two The conditions must be met at the same time. Rainfall began to increase in June in Beijing , so downy mildew began to occur during this period.

 

● Apply protective agents to prevent and control grape downy mildew, and treat both grape powdery mildew and felt disease. A copper preparation is used after flowering. The commonly used copper preparations are: 600-800 times liquid or Bordeaux mixture, 30% king copper (copper oxychloride) 800-1000 times solution.

 

● If there is a lot of rain in the grape fruit period, when there is downy mildew in the field, it is necessary to add 3-5 times of therapeutic agent according to the condition and meteorological conditions . Optional agents: 2500 times 25% mefenoxam, azoxystrobin 25% WG, 25% pyrazolo Kresoxim 2000 times (white powder rid, downy mildew), 50% dimethomorph 1000 Double liquid; therapeutic agents can also be used alternately with copper preparations.

 

When spraying, pay attention to the key spray back, even and thoughtful, spray in time after rain.

 

White rot

 

White rot usually from June, beginning in mid-until fruit maturity, orchards disease will continue to occur. Storms and plagues often lead to a white rot pandemic. Usually, the hedge frame is heavier than the scaffolding cultivation, and the ear near the ground is firstly affected. Most of the diseased ears are distributed in the ear below 40 cm from the ground . In addition, the lower part of the grape vine has poor ventilation and light transmission, which is conducive to the onset of disease. Therefore, it is necessary to have a suitable posture, reasonable trimming, improve ventilation and light transmission, reduce field humidity, and bagging.

 

● spraying should be to protect the ear-based, commonly used agents are: 600-800 times mancozeb 80%, 25% Amistar 2500 times, 10% of the world 2000 times higher, Ami wonderful collection, etc. .

 

anthrax

 

The near maturity of grapes is a critical period of infection of anthracnose, and warm and rainy is the key cause of disease. The disease is prevented mainly by reasonable cultivation management techniques and chemical spraying.

 

● Chemical control can use 25% pyraclostrobin 2000 emulsification solution, 20% difenoconazole 3000 times solution or 80% tebuconazole 6000-10000 times solution; the spraying period is the fruit near maturity, depending on the disease When it happens, spray 3-5 times.

 

The above various diseases can be combined and controlled by rational use of drugs to reduce the number of medications. In principle, the medication is mainly based on protective pesticides before the rain, and the therapeutic agents are used after the rain and after the onset of the disease. Bagging and rain-proof cultivation can prevent the occurrence and development of various diseases mentioned above.

Xu Haiying , Institute of Forestry and Fruit Research, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences

 

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