Rare earth is the lanthanide lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), strontium (Pr), strontium (Nd), strontium (Pm), strontium (Sm), strontium (Eu), strontium (Gd), strontium in the periodic table. (Tb), é• (Dy), é’¬ (Ho), é“’ (Er), é“¥ (Tm), 镱 (Yb), é•¥ (Lu), plus the same family of é’ª (Sc) and é’‡ (Y) A general term for 17 elements. According to the atomic weight and physical and chemical properties of the element, it is divided into light, medium and heavy rare earth elements. The first five elements are light rare earths, and the others are medium and heavy rare earths. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, rare earths are widely used in new energy, new materials, energy conservation and environmental protection, aerospace, electronic information and other fields, and are indispensable elements in modern industry. “Rare earth supply is unstable, and rare earth prices are soaring... The rare earth crisis that occurred in the past two years is not in line with economic principles, and the rare earth crisis must not happen again!†Japan’s Bonded Magnetic Materials Association’s CEO Harada Yoshiki recently held an international The Rare Earth Forum issued an appeal. Rare earth raw material production, rare earth export, rare earth market, rare earth industry... In the past two years, the economic market related to rare earths has changed unpredictably. The international community pays close attention to China's rare earth conditions and policies, and has various opinions on this. In June this year, the State Council Information Office released the White Paper on China's Rare Earth Status and Policy, which made a comprehensive analysis and comment on the status of China's rare earths, and pointed out that in the future, the development of the rare earth industry, environmental protection and technology are the sustainable support. So, what is the current development of the global rare earth industry? Where is the crux of the battle for rare earths? In the context of the global economy, where will the supply and demand relationship go? The era of China's rare earth "big brother" Since the 1980s, China's rare earth products have been incorporated into the government's management track, the scale of export of rare earth products has been effectively controlled on the basis of ensuring industrial development, and to some extent, the domestic blind mining of rare earths has been suppressed. behavior. Rare earth ore is no longer exported, rare earth salt exports are greatly reduced, rare earth materials exports have increased substantially and become internationally competitive products, and have a place in the international market competition. A set of data can summarize the status of China's rare earth development decade: in 2001, China's rare earth products exports 378 million US dollars, an increase of 4.8 times than 1990 exports; in 2011 exports reached 4.49 billion US dollars, an increase of 10.8 times over 2001. Since 2007, China's rare earth mineral products production implementation plan, the output has been effectively controlled, and the over-planned production has been greatly reduced. In 2008, the healthy development of the global economy led to the excessive demand for rare earths, but the immediate global financial crisis has had a huge impact on the global demand for rare earths. In 2010, global demand for rare earths recovered to 120,000 tons, China's output was 109,000 tons, consumption was 71,000 tons, export quotas were reduced by 40%, and the export of rare earths to Japan was suspended. At this time, the global rare earth supply gap was 5,000 tons, and the price of rare earths rose sharply. In 2011, the embarrassment of the EU economy weakened the growth momentum of the global economy. However, due to the fact that the demand for rare earths in other countries in the world clearly exceeded the supply, rare earths maintained extremely high prices in the first half of the year; due to the high price and the continued weakening of global economic development, rare earths The annual demand is reduced to 105,000 tons. In this year, China's rare earth production was 98,000 tons, consumption was 70,000 tons, and export quotas were still 30,000 tons. In 2012, global rare earth demand rebounded slightly to 115,000 tons, and rare earth prices remained relatively low. China's production is expected to remain close to 120,000 tons. According to statistics, there are 126 rare earth enterprises in China's rare earth industry, with a production capacity of about 320,000 tons, far greater than the world's total demand. It is urgent to integrate the industry and increase industrial concentration. According to statistics, in 2011, the total output value of the rare earth industry was 85.24 billion yuan, and the sales revenue was 94.31 billion yuan, a significant increase from any previous year. At present, China still bears more than 90% of the world's market supply with 23% of rare earth resources. China's rare earth permanent magnet materials, luminescent materials, hydrogen storage materials, polishing materials, etc. account for more than 70% of world production. China's rare earth materials, devices and energy-saving lamps, micro-motors, nickel-metal hydride batteries and other end products meet the needs of the development of high-tech industries in countries around the world, especially in developed countries. The quietly changing market chip from Mr. Dudley J Kingsnorth of the Curtin Energy and Mining Economics Research Center in Western Australia has always had a question: Will China announce the country's future supply and demand forecast for rare earths, making the potential shortage of heavy rare earths a sudden Clear global issues, not a game of constant riddles? Nowadays, from the perspective of buyers and sellers, heavy rare earth supply will become the primary problem of the rare earth industry. Light rare earth elements in other countries of the world will be self-sufficient. The US Mountain Pass project is fast-paced, and the price of light rare earths will soon fall, while the demand for light rare earths will increase significantly. Global demand for rare earths is also likely to maintain modest growth. Some experts predict that from 2011 to 2016, the demand for rare earths in other countries will increase from 35,000 tons to 55,000 tons, while the demand for rare earths in China will increase from the current 70,000 tons to 105,000 tons; The demand for rare earths will reach 20~240,000 tons. According to the 2009 survey of rare earth resources by the Ministry of Land and Resources, the total reserves of rare earth foundations in China have been reduced to 18.591 million tons, accounting for only 23% of the world, instead of the 36 million tons previously announced by the US Geological Survey. The latest reserves survey of the Mountain Hills rare earth mine in the United States shows that the mine's reserves have reached 18.4 million tons, almost equivalent to all of China's reserves. The advantages of rare earth resources in China are already very inconspicuous. It is understood that the Mountain Pass rare earth mine is the largest rare earth mine discovered outside China. The existing rare earth oxide reserves are about 960,000 tons, and the cut-off grade is 5%. The annual output is 19,090 tons, and the mining period is more than 30 years. . From the mid-1960s to the end of the 1980s, the Mountain Pass Mine was once the world's largest source of rare earth resources. From 2002 to 2007, the mine was shut down for five years and then resumed at the end of 2010. Until today, the scale is still small. But the molybdenum mine company has already said with ambitious that the company is fully operational and expects annual production to rise to 19,090 tons by the end of 2012, and production will double by the end of 2013. In fact, in addition to Mountain Pass, more than 30 countries in the world have rare earth resources that can be industrially exploited. According to the US TMR company's follow-up survey, 261 companies in 37 countries except China have a total of 429 rare earth projects, including 38 rare earth projects in 13 countries including the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Turkey, and Malawi. Larger. These projects are mainly located in the Americas, Europe and Africa, the most competitive of which is the US Molybdenum Company and Australia's Linus in the Linus Advanced Materials Plant in Malaysia. The US Molybdenum Company currently has a capacity of 5,000 to 6,000 tons and will reach 19,050 tons by the end of 2012 and will increase to 40,000 tons by the end of 2013. The production capacity of Linus will also reach 22,000 tons as soon as possible. If you do not consider the variety and quality of the products, after 2015, only these two companies can fully meet the demand of rare earth markets outside China. In addition, Australia has established a magic plant in Malaysia; Japan has established a supply relationship of rare earth resources with countries such as Vietnam, India, Kazakhstan and Mongolia. The world rare earth industry pattern of multi-channel supply of rare earth products is taking shape. As the world's major rare earth new materials industry has basically moved to China, China has become a major rare earth consumer market. According to the data, the consumption of rare earths in 2011 was basically the same as that in 2010, which also indicates that the demand for rare earth new materials in the terminal products and parts market remains basically unchanged. The rare earth consumer market outside China is mainly in rare earth permanent magnets, catalysts, hydrogen storage alloys, luminescent materials and polishing powders. In addition to catalysts, alternative technologies for rare earth permanent magnets and rare earth reduction technologies have emerged abroad, as well as alternative processes for the reuse of polishing powders and cerium oxide polishing powders during polishing. In addition, the price of rare earths also inhibits some of the demand for rare earths. From the perspective of terminal product requirements, the development and application of LED lighting display technology has inhibited the demand for luminescent materials from traditional lighting display technology; the new energy field may reduce the demand for rare earths due to the emergence of NdFeB replacement technology. In the future, the growth point of demand for rare earths is likely to be concentrated in the field of wind power generation, which will lead to a large increase in the demand for metal bismuth and antimony. According to relevant data from the China Rare Earth Industry Association, the current consumption of rare earth raw materials is about 80,000 to 90,000 tons in China, 1.5 to 23,000 tons in Japan, 1 to 15,000 tons in the United States, and 10,000 tons in Europe. The amount is about 12 to 140,000 tons. With the advancement of rare earth projects outside China, the competition in the rare earth international market will be fierce. The contradiction between supply and demand has spawned rare earth substitutes. Liu Weinan, executive director of the China Rare Earth Society, believes that the global demand for rare earths depends more on rare earth substitutes in downstream products and applications. Whether alternatives are widely used depends on their cost of use. If the price of rare earths continues to be higher than the price of substitutes, the rare earths will be replaced. In fact, after February 2011, the price of rare earth products increased rapidly, and began to decline after reaching its peak in July. Among them, the price of the larger amount of antimony products and medium and heavy rare earth products has a large change. In general, the rise in rare earth prices from 2010 to early 2011 is a rational return to the value of rare earths. However, the sharp increase in rare earth prices after May 2011 cannot exclude the factors of capital speculation. Some experts predict that the rare earth market will not change significantly during the year, and the price of rare earth will fluctuate reasonably around the recent price. Harada Yoshida said that in response to the rare earth crisis, the Japanese government is seeking new rare earth resources in universities and rare earth industries, using neodymium magnet substitutes, reducing the amount of rare earths, and developing high-performance magnets containing no rare earths. Today, other rare earth resources they have developed are mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Australia, Vietnam, India and Kazakhstan. The rare earth magnet-free switched reluctance motor used in the domestic automotive industry in Japan is also in the final stage of development, and FeN magnets with high magnetic induction are currently being studied. For the rare earth crisis of the past two years, he believes that "this is against economic principles." Harada Yoshihiko declared that "China's rare earth industrial reserves account for about 37% of the world's total, and supply accounts for more than 97% of the world's demand, so it is responsible for supplying rare earths to the world." He revealed that in order to obtain a stable supply of raw materials, Japan already has some magnets. The production site was transferred to Southeast Asia and China. The real power of "Rare Earth Big Brother" Ma Rongzhen, president of China Rare Earth Industry Association, believes that China's rare earth industry has entered a critical period of overall structural adjustment and industrial upgrading, facing the new situation and new changes at home and abroad, how to effectively use resources and achieve Clean production, strengthening environmental protection and ecological restoration, and standardizing the mining, production, market and export order of rare earths will become the focus of industry management. In fact, in recent years, China has successively issued a series of policies to promote the healthy development of the rare earth industry, placing protection resources and the environment, and achieving sustainable development in an important position, striving to implement protective mining and promote the sustainable use of resources. In 1991, China decided to classify ionic rare earth minerals as minerals for protective mining in the country, and implemented unified management from mining, smelting, processing, marketing, and export. In 2006, China implemented the total amount of rare earth mining control management; in 2007, the rare earth production was included in the mandatory production plan management. In 2008, the state issued the "National Mineral Resources Planning (2008-2015)" to implement planning and regulation, restrict mining, strict access and comprehensive utilization of specific minerals such as rare earths. In 2009, it will protect mining specific mines. In the year of 2011, the standards for the exploration and mining of minerals were approved. At the same time, China has also established a strategic reserve system for rare earths, implemented rare earth resource reserves and product reserves, delineated the first batch of 11 rare earth national planning mining areas, and compiled special plans for key areas of rare earth resources (mineral areas); strict management of mining rights and implementation of mining In principle, the system will continue to suspend the acceptance of new rare earth exploration and mining registration applications, prohibit existing mining mines from expanding production capacity, strictly control mining and production, reduce resource development intensity, and delay resource exhaustion. However, Zhang Zhong, general manager of the Inner Mongolia Baotou Rare Earth Group, believes that rational mining under policy protection is not the primary issue in the development of the rare earth industry. At present, the domestic rare earth industry is in a major turning point. How to seek a new round of development on the basis of existing industries is a new topic in the development of China's rare earth industry. At this stage, the regional economy of the domestic rare earth industry has basically taken shape, and the industry restructuring has steadily advanced. On May 4, 2011, the “Integration and Elimination Work Plan for Rare Earth Upstream Enterprises in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region†was promulgated. The rare earth mining and smelting and separating enterprises other than Baotou Steel Rare Earth Company in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region were included in the integration and elimination, involving 35 enterprises in the whole region. Baotou Steel Rare Earth integrates the rare earth industry in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and the Northern Rare Earth Group with Baosteel Group as its core has been established. In other parts of the country, resource integration is also taking place simultaneously. Sichuan Jiangxi Copper Rare Earth Company integrates Sichuan rare earth resources; Jiangxi Yinzhou Mining controls rare earth mines in Jiangxi Yinzhou area; Guangdong Chengyu Nonferrous has 3 of the province's 4 mining warrants, becoming the core of Guangdong's integrated rare earth industry; Fujian Xiamen Tungsten Industry Integration Fujian Rare earth resources, the establishment of Longyan Rare Earth Industrial Park; Chinalco integrates five rare earth enterprises in Jiangsu and Guangxi Zitu resources; China Minmetals has already entered the southern rare earth industry. In the opinion of some experts, the advantages of this "group tactic" are always self-evident. However, Dr. Jon Hykawy from the Byron Capital Markets research team in the UK has a different view on the development of China's rare earth industry. He believes that China's use of low labor costs and more advanced technology to increase the competitive advantage of rare earth products in the world market, defeated the era of the Mountain Hills mine in California launched in the 1960s has passed. China's rare earth enterprises are facing the problem of overcapacity and technological aging. This is a great opportunity for new companies that have just entered the rare earth industry, such as Australia's Lena, Canada's Rare Earth Mining Group and US Molybdenum. They have the opportunity to bring the latest business ideas and modern technologies to the competition for materials to end users.
Door Accessories
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